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There are at least four different philosophical perspectives that describe how the work in chemistry education is carried out. The first is what one might call a practitioner’s perspective, wherein the individuals who are responsible for teaching chemistry (teachers, instructors, professors) are the ones who ultimately define chemistry education by their actions.

A second perspective is defined by a self-identified group of chemical educators, faculty members and instructors who, as opposed to declaring their primary interest in a typical area of laboratory research (organic, inorganic, biochemistry, etc), take on an interest in contributing suggestions, essays, observations, and other descriptive reports of practice into the public domain (such like Chemistry help, Chemistry ProblemsChemistry Answers at tutorvista, tutoring is available 24X7)  , through journal publications, books, and presentations. Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, posed the question “why do terms like ‘chemical educator’ even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, ‘chemistry professor.’ One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in or background about education to their jobs, and so lack any professional perspective on the teaching and learning enterprise, particularly discoveries made about effective teaching and how students learn.

A third perspective is chemical education research (CER). Following the example of physics education research (PER)-find Physics helpPhysics ProblemsPhysics Answers, Physics problem solver at tutorvista-, CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research, which generally takes place in Schools of Education, and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings (in addition to pre-college settings). Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices. Chemical education research is typically carried out in situ using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools. Chemical education research utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods. Qualitative methods include interviews, observations, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.

Finally, there is an emergent perspective called The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). Although there is debate on how to best define SoTL, one of the primary practices is for mainstream faculty members (organic, inorganic, biochemistry, etc) to develop a more informed view of their practices, how to carry out research and reflection on their own teaching, and about what constitutes deep understanding in student learning.


What is a Brute Force Attack?

Encryption

To understand what a brute force attack is, we must first understand the technology that is designed to attack. This technology that I speak of is data encryption. Data Encryption is used to protect code and other information from prying eyes by changing the data based upon keys, which are essentially complicated, lengthy passwords. To obtain access to the data it is necessary to have the key, otherwise the information is rendered useless.

Motive

It is in the interest of some parties, such as hackers, law enforcement, intelligence agencies, etc, to break this encryption and gain access to the data contained within. Brute force attacks are one method used to discover the key needed to unlock the data. It is by far the most rudimentary cracking process, involving trying every combination possible. Imagine forgetting a friend’s phone number and starting at 100 – 0000. And since guessing the right number gets exponentially harder every time a new number set is introduced it could take years to do even for the fastest dialer. In the same way computer systems, hardware or software, attempting to crack a key are limited by power, heat and other variables, as described in the laws of thermodynamics, making extremely long keys impractical to crack.

Entropy

However, a lot of attacks are inherently easier as some may have already noticed from the example above. If you really were to forget a phone number you would know based upon certain outside variables such as country, state, county, city, etc, that many choices can be eliminated. Many numbers can be considered either completely impossible or at the very least, very improbable. As you get more exact with your friend’s lost number the less random choices you would need to make to guess the correctly. This once daunting number starts to seem a little tamer. Certain outside factors such as pressure and temperature can affect a computer systems ability to choose numbers in a random way. This slight leveling of Einstein’s playing field, made possible by the study of entropy, enables brute force attacks to crack keys that seem to be statistically impossible.

Breakdown

Ultimately, using the right encryption combined with the technology available today, brute force attacks are on the loosing team. They are simply unable to tackle the insurmountable mountain of number combinations made available by modern encryption technology. Even advanced hardware designed specifically for the task ultimately will fail when matched with against current encryption methods. So, don’t forget your key inside one of these monsters, the lock smith won’t be much help.